Voron Guide | Voron Build Resources

<article class="guide-article"> <header> <h1>Voron Print Quality Troubleshooting Matrix</h1> <p class="lead">Identify and fix print quality defects on your Voron — from first layer issues to top surface finish.</p> </header> <section> <h2>Using This Matrix</h2> <p> This guide organizes print defects by visual appearance, root cause, and ordered fix steps. For each defect, the fixes are listed from most likely to least likely. Always attempt fixes in the order given. </p> <p> <strong>Prerequisites:</strong> Before troubleshooting specific defects, ensure your Voron is mechanically sound: belts tensioned to 100-120 Hz, gantry is trammed within 0.1mm, and all screws are tight. Otherwise you will chase phantom issues. </p> </section> <section> <h2>First Layer Defects</h2> <h3>Poor Bed Adhesion</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Corners of the print lift up, the part detaches mid-print, or ABS warps severely. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Incorrect Z offset (too high), bed temperature too low, bed surface not clean, insufficient enclosure temperature for ABS, or bed mesh not active. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Clean the build surface with isopropyl alcohol (90%+). For PEI, use a light scuff with a Scotch-Brite pad if contaminated.</li> <li>Verify <code>BED_MESH_CALIBRATE</code> is run at the start of every print (via START_PRINT macro).</li> <li>Calibrate Z offset using the paper method or feeler gauge — target a slight squish on the first layer.</li> <li>Increase bed temperature from 100°C to 105-110°C for ABS.</li> <li>Ensure enclosure temperature is above 45°C for ABS prints — use a chamber thermistor.</li> <li>Apply ABS slurry or Magigoo for stubborn adhesion issues.</li> </ol> <h3>First Layer Too High (No Squish)</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Individual extrusion lines are round and separate, not squished together. Gaps visible between lines. Poor part adhesion. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Z offset is too high (nozzle too far from bed). </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Lower the Z offset by -0.02mm increments using <code>SET_GCODE_OFFSET Z_ADJUST=-0.02</code> while printing a first layer test.</li> <li>Save the new Z offset with <code>Z_OFFSET_APPLY_PROBE</code>.</li> <li>If using a probe, verify the probe Z offset calibration was performed with a hot bed and hot nozzle.</li> </ol> <h3>First Layer Too Low (Elephant's Foot)</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> The first layer is wider than subsequent layers, creating a flared overhang at the bottom. The first layer lines are very flat and may show texture from the build plate. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Z offset is too low (nozzle too close to bed). Excessive bed temperature can also contribute to elephant's foot in ABS. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Raise the Z offset by +0.02mm increments until the first layer shows clean squish without excessive flattening.</li> <li>If using ABS, reduce bed temperature from 110°C to 100°C.</li> <li>Enable <code>elephants_foot_compensation</code> in your slicer (typically 0.15mm).</li> </ol> </section> <section> <h2>Surface Finish Defects</h2> <h3>Z-Banding / Z-Wobble</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Horizontal ridges or bands that repeat at regular vertical intervals on the print surface. Most visible on flat vertical walls. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Bent Z lead screw, misaligned Z motor coupler, Z lead screw not parallel to the frame, or debris on the lead screw. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Remove the Z lead screw and roll it on a flat surface to check for bends — replace if bent.</li> <li>Loosen and re-align the Z motor coupler so the lead screw runs true.</li> <li>Ensure the Z lead screw is parallel to the Z extrusion — use a square.</li> <li>Clean and lubricate the lead screw with PTFE or lithium grease.</li> <li>For Voron V2.4 with 4 Z motors, run <code>Z_TILT_ADJUST</code> to ensure the gantry is level.</li> </ol> <h3>VFA (Vertical Fine Artifacts)</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Subtle vertical ripples or waves on the print surface, often periodic and spaced closely together. Most visible on glossy filaments like ABS under good lighting. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Motor resonance at specific speeds, stepper driver microstepping interpolation, or mechanical resonance in the gantry. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Run <code>INPUT_SHAPER</code> calibration to identify and filter resonances.</li> <li>Switch from StealthChop to SpreadCycle on the X and Y axes — VFAs are often worse in StealthChop.</li> <li>Disable interpolation by setting <code>interpolate: False</code> in the TMC driver config.</li> <li>Increase microstepping from 16 to 32 or 64.</li> <li>Adjust <code>stealthchop_threshold</code> to switch to SpreadCycle at printing speeds.</li> <li>Print at speeds that avoid the resonance frequency — typically above 120mm/s.</li> </ol> <h3>Ringing / Ghosting</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Repeated echoes or ghost images near sharp corners and features on the print surface. The pattern fades away from the edge. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Mechanical vibration in the printer frame or gantry due to acceleration forces that are too high for the current structural stiffness. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Run <code>MEASURE_AXES_NOISE</code> followed by <code>INPUT_SHAPER_CALIBRATE</code> and save the recommended shaper config.</li> <li>If ringing persists after input shaping, reduce <code>max_accel</code> by 20-30%.</li> <li>Check that all frame bolts are tight — a loose joint amplifies ringing.</li> <li>Verify belt tension (100-120 Hz on a phone app). Loose belts cause ghosting.</li> <li>For the V2.4, ensure the gantry is properly trammed — racked gantries introduce asymmetry in ringing.</li> </ol> <h3>Bulging Corners</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> The print corners appear wider or bulging outward, most notably on sharp 90-degree corners of calibration cubes. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Pressure advance is not calibrated or is set too high. The extruder oozes excess material at direction changes due to nozzle pressure lag. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Run <code>TUNING_TOWER COMMAND=SET_PRESSURE_ADVANCE PARAMETER=ADVANCE START=0 END=0.1</code> to find the optimal value.</li> <li>If using direct drive (all Vorons), typical pressure advance values are 0.02-0.06 for PLA and 0.04-0.10 for ABS.</li> <li>Ensure <code>max_extrude_cross_section</code> is not limiting flow during pressure advance moves.</li> </ol> </section> <section> <h2>Extrusion Defects</h2> <h3>Under-Extrusion</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Thin, weak, or incomplete layers. Gaps between infill lines. Transparent top layers. Overall poor layer adhesion. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Clogged nozzle, incorrect extruder rotation distance (e-steps), filament diameter variation, heat creep, or idler tension too low. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Perform a cold pull to clear nozzle clogs.</li> <li>Calibrate extruder rotation distance: mark filament 120mm, extrude 100mm, measure actual, adjust <code>rotation_distance</code> accordingly.</li> <li>Measure filament diameter with calipers — adjust flow rate in slicer if outside 1.75mm ± 0.05mm.</li> <li>Clean extruder gears of debris and ensure idler tension is sufficient (not slipping).</li> <li>Check for heat creep — if the heat sink is too hot, filament softens prematurely. Ensure the hotend fan is running at 100%.</li> </ol> <h3>Over-Extrusion</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Blobby surface, rough texture, dimensional inaccuracy (prints wider than intended). Excess material squeezed out at layer seams. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Extruder rotation distance too high, flow rate too high in slicer, or filament diameter smaller than 1.75mm. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Calibrate extruder rotation distance (see under-extrusion steps).</li> <li>Reduce flow rate in slicer by 2-5% increments.</li> <li>Measure filament diameter and adjust slicer settings.</li> </ol> <h3>Stringing & Oozing</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Thin strands of filament spanning between separate parts of the print. Small droplets or blobs on retraction points. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Retraction distance or speed too low, nozzle temperature too high, filament moisture, or pressure advance too high. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Increase retraction distance (try 0.8mm for direct drive, step to 1.2mm max).</li> <li>Increase retraction speed to 30-40mm/s.</li> <li>Lower nozzle temperature by 5-10°C — find the lowest temperature that still gives good layer adhesion.</li> <li>Dry the filament — ABS can be dried at 80°C for 6-8 hours.</li> <li>Enable <code>wipe_while_retracting</code> and <code>retract_before_wipe</code> in the slicer.</li> </ol> <h3>Layer Shifting</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> A sudden, permanent offset in one or more layers. The print shifts laterally, often continuing in the wrong position. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Skipped stepper motor steps (too much acceleration, too high speed, insufficient current), loose belt pulley, or mechanical binding. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Reduce <code>max_accel</code> by 30%.</li> <li>Increase stepper motor current (<code>run_current</code>) by 0.1A increments, staying within driver limits.</li> <li>Check belt tension — belts that are too tight cause stepper skipping, belts too loose cause positioning errors.</li> <li>Tighten the grub screws on the belt pulleys.</li> <li>Check for mechanical binding in the axis — move it manually through the full range of motion.</li> </ol> </section> <section> <h2>Thermal Defects</h2> <h3>ABS Cracking / Delamination</h3> <p> <strong>Visual:</strong> Cracks along layer lines (delamination) or in solid areas. Most common on large, flat parts or prints with sharp corners. </p> <p> <strong>Root Causes:</strong> Inadequate enclosure temperature, thermal shock (rapid cooling), insufficient hotend temperature for layer adhesion, or draft in the room. </p> <p> <strong>Ordered Fix Checklist:</strong> </p> <ol> <li>Ensure enclosure temperature stays above 50°C during the entire print.</li> <li>Seal any gaps in the enclosure, especially around the bottom panels.</li> <li>Increase hotend temperature by 5-10°C (try 255°C for ABS).</li> <li>Reduce part cooling fan speed — for ABS, use minimal or no fan.</li> <li>Increase print bed temperature to 110°C.</li> <li>Use a brim or mouse ears for large flat parts to prevent corner lifting.</li> </ol> </section> <section> <h2>Visual Defect Quick-Reference Matrix</h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Defect</th> <th>Looks Like</th> <th>Primary Fix</th> <th>Secondary Fix</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Poor Adhesion</td> <td>Part lifts / detaches</td> <td>Adjust Z offset</td> <td>Clean bed, raise temp</td> </tr> <tr> <td>First Layer High</td> <td>Round, separate lines</td> <td>Lower Z offset</td> <td>Recalibrate probe offset</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elephant's Foot</td> <td>Flared bottom edge</td> <td>Raise Z offset</td> <td>Lower bed temp</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Z-Banding</td> <td>Horizontal ridges</td> <td>Check Z lead screw</td> <td>Align coupler</td> </tr> <tr> <td>VFA</td> <td>Fine vertical ripples</td> <td>Switch to SpreadCycle</td> <td>Input shaper tuning</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ringing</td> <td>Ghost edges at corners</td> <td>Input shaper calibrate</td> <td>Reduce acceleration</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bulging Corners</td> <td>Wide corners</td> <td>Tune pressure advance</td> <td>Check flow rate</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Under-Extrusion</td> <td>Thin, gappy layers</td> <td>Cold pull nozzle</td> <td>Calibrate rotation dist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Over-Extrusion</td> <td>Blobby surface</td> <td>Reduce flow rate</td> <td>Calibrate rotation dist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stringing</td> <td>Thin filament strands</td> <td>Increase retraction</td> <td>Lower temperature</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Layer Shift</td> <td>Sudden offset</td> <td>Reduce acceleration</td> <td>Check belt tension</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ABS Cracking</td> <td>Layer delamination</td> <td>Raise enclosure temp</td> <td>Increase hotend temp</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> </article>

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